We Must Secure the Border and Build the Wall to Make America Safe Again

Usa federal department

United States Section of Homeland Security

Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DHS headquarters in Washington D.C.
Bureau overview
Formed	November 25, 2002; 19 years ago  (2002-xi-25)
Jurisdiction	U.s.
Headquarters	St. Elizabeths Due west Campus, Washington, D.C., U.S. 38°51′17″N 77°00′00″W  /  38.8547°N 77.0000°W  / 38.8547; -77.0000 Coordinates: 38°51′17″Northward 77°00′00″W  /  38.8547°N 77.0000°W  / 38.8547; -77.0000
Employees	240,000 (2018)[1]
Annual budget	$51.672 billion (FY 2020)[2]
Agency executives	Alejandro Mayorkas, Secretary John Tien, Deputy Secretary
Child agency	U.s. Citizenship and Clearing Services U.S. Customs and Edge Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Community Enforcement Transportation Security Assistants United states Declension Baby-sit (during times of peace) Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency U.s.a. Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Eye Federal Protective Service Citizenship & Clearing Services Ombudsmen Office of Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Direction Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Part of the Clearing Detention Ombudsman Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Diplomacy Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Date Part of Strategy, Policy and Plans Part of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate
Website	www.dhs.gov
"The DHS March"

The Us Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or dwelling house ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and direction.^[three]

Information technology began operations in 2003, formed as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in response to the September eleven attacks. With more than 240,000 employees,^[1] DHS is the 3rd-largest Chiffonier department, afterward the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.^[four] Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice, and Energy.

History [edit]

Creation [edit]

A video released in 2016 past the DHS, detailing its duties and responsibilities

In response to the September xi attacks, President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) to coordinate "homeland security" efforts. The role was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who causeless the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The official announcement states:

The mission of the Office volition be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United states of america from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office will coordinate the executive branch's efforts to detect, gear up for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.^[five]

Ridge began his duties every bit OHS director on Oct 8, 2001.^[half-dozen] On November 25, 2002, the Homeland Security Deed established the Department of Homeland Security to consolidate U.Southward. executive branch organizations related to "homeland security" into a single Chiffonier agency. The Gilmore Committee, supported by much of Congress and John Bolton, helped further solidify need for the department. The DHS incorporated the following 22 agencies.^[vii]

Listing of incorporated agencies [edit]

Original agency	Original department	New agency or role after transfer
U.S. Customs Service	Treasury	U.South. Customs and Border Protection U.Southward. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Immigration and Naturalization Service	Justice	U.S. Customs and Edge Protection U.Due south. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.Due south. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Federal Protective Service	General Services Assistants	Management Directorate
Transportation Security Administration	Transportation	Transportation Security Administration
Federal Police force Enforcement Preparation Center	Treasury	Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Animal and Plant Wellness Inspection Service (office)	Agriculture	U.S. Customs and Edge Protection
Federal Emergency Management Agency	none	Federal Emergency Management Bureau (FEMA)
Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System	Health and Human being Services	Originally assigned to FEMA, Returned to HHS, July 2004
Nuclear Incident Response Team	Energy	Responsibilities distributed within FEMA
Domestic Emergency Back up Team	Justice	Responsibilities distributed inside FEMA
Center for Domestic Preparedness	Justice (FBI)	Responsibilities distributed within FEMA
CBRN Countermeasures Programs	Energy	Science & Technology Directorate
Environmental Measurements Laboratory	Energy	Science & Applied science Directorate
National Biological Warfare Defense Assay Center	Defense	Science & Applied science Directorate
Plum Island Animal Disease Eye	Agriculture	Science & Technology Advisers
Federal Computer Incident Response Center	Full general Services Administration	US-CERT, Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Preparedness Advisers
National Communications Organization	Defense	Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate
National Infrastructure Protection Center	Justice (FBI)	Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection
Energy Security and Assurance Plan	Energy	Part of Infrastructure Protection
U.S. Coast Guard	Transportation	U.S. Coast Baby-sit
U.S. Secret Service	Treasury	U.S. Cloak-and-dagger Service

According to border theorist Peter Andreas, the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Common cold State of war^[8] and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Deed of 1947 (which had placed the different armed services departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Quango and Central Intelligence Bureau). DHS constitutes the most diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities, incorporating 22 authorities agencies into a unmarried organization.^[9] The founding of the DHS marked a change in American thought towards threats. Introducing the term "homeland" centers attention on a population that needs to be protected not only against emergencies such equally natural disasters just also against diffuse threats from individuals who are non-native to the United states of america.^[ten]

Prior to the signing of the pecker, controversy most its adoption was focused on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Bureau should be incorporated in part or in whole (neither were included). The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated "riders", as well as for eliminating certain matrimony-friendly civil service and labor protections for department employees. Without these protections, employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security, incompetence or insubordination, and DHS would not be required to notify their spousal relationship representatives. The programme stripped 180,000 government employees of their union rights.^[11] In 2002, Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed emptying of employee protections imperative.^[12]

Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25, 2002. Information technology was the largest U.Southward. government reorganization in the 50 years since the U.s.a. Department of Defense force was created.

Tom Ridge was named secretary on January 24, 2003, and began naming his chief deputies. DHS officially began operations on January 24, 2003, but about of the department's component agencies were not transferred into the new department until March one.^[5]

President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1, 2003.

After establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components, Ridge appear his resignation on Nov 30, 2004, following the re-election of President Bush. Bush initially nominated one-time New York City Police Department commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor, but on Dec 10, Kerik withdrew his nomination, citing personal reasons and saying it "would non be in the best interests" of the land for him to pursue the post.

Changes nether Secretary Chertoff [edit]

On January 11, 2005, President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge. Chertoff was confirmed on February 15, 2005, by a vote of 98–0 in the U.S. Senate and was sworn in the same day.^[5]

In February 2005, DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and discipline for a new personnel organisation named MaxHR. The Washington Post said that the rules would allow DHS "to override any provision in a marriage contract by issuing a department-wide directive" and would brand it "difficult, if not impossible, for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing, deployments, technology and other workplace matters".^[12] In August 2005, U.S. Commune Judge Rosemary One thousand. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did non ensure commonage-bargaining rights for DHS employees.^[12] A federal appeals courtroom ruled confronting DHS in 2006; awaiting a final resolution to the litigation, Congress's financial twelvemonth 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel arrangement.^[12] DHS announced in early 2007 that it was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name "MaxHR".^[5] In a Feb 2008 court filing, DHS said that information technology would no longer pursue the new rules, and that information technology would bide past the existing civil service labor-direction procedures. A federal court issued an club closing the case.^[12]

Trump administration [edit]

On November 16, 2018, President Donald Trump signed the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act of 2018 into law, which elevated the mission of the former DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate and established the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.^[13] In fiscal year 2018, DHS was allocated a internet discretionary budget of $47.716 billion.^[two]

Biden assistants [edit]

In 2021, the Department of Justice began carrying out an investigation into white supremacy and extremism in the DHS ranks.^[14] They have also faced criticism for expanding the usage of discretion as a rationale to not adhere to existing laws on immigration matters, including explicit statutory requirements for detention,^[xv] removal,^[xvi] and arrests.^[17]

Simultaneously, the DHS faced a crisis in 2021. Border Patrol made the virtually recorded arrests of migrants in U.Due south. history.^[18] This was occurring as xviii% of migrant families leaving Border Patrol would later on test positive for COVID-nineteen.^[nineteen] Despite this, a fact-cheque by FactCheck.org establish that migrants were non responsible for the newest surge in COVID-xix infections caused by the Delta variant.^[twenty] Florida Governor Ron DeSantis blamed the surge in COVID-19 infections on illegal immigrants crossing the United mexican states–U.s.a. edge.^[21]

In 2022, the DHS published a National Terrorism Advisory System bulletin that labels those who spread "misleading narratives" well-nigh COVID-nineteen every bit a terrorist threat.^[22]

Function [edit]

Community officers going aboard a transport

Whereas the Department of Defence is charged with military deportment away, the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the The states within, at, and outside its borders. Its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and answer to domestic emergencies, specially terrorism.^[23] On March ane, 2003, DHS absorbed the U.S. Community Service and Clearing and Naturalization Service (INS) and assumed its duties. In doing then, it divided the enforcement and services functions into 2 separate and new agencies: Immigration and Community Enforcement and Citizenship and Clearing Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, the primary investigative arm of DHS. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.South. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Wellness Inspection Service were consolidated into a new bureau under DHS: U.S. Community and Border Protection. The Federal Protective Service falls nether the National Protection and Programs Directorate.

Structure [edit]

Organizational chart showing the chain of command amongst the top-level officials in the Department of Homeland Security, as of July 17, 2008

The Department of Homeland Security is headed past the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary. The section contains the components listed beneath.^[24]

List of subordinate agencies [edit]

Subordinate agency	Title of caput or leader	Incumbent
Management Directorate	Under Secretary	Randolph D. "Tex" Alles (acting)
Science and Technology Directorate	Under Secretarial assistant	Kathryn Coulter Mitchell (acting)
Office of Intelligence and Analysis	Under Secretary	Melissa Smislova (interim)
Role of Strategy, Policy, and Plans	Under Secretary	Robert P. Silvers
United states Citizenship and Immigration Services	Director	Ur Jaddou
The states Coast Guard	Commandant	Admiral Karl L. Schultz[25]
U.Due south. Community and Border Protection	Commissioner	Chris Magnus
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency	Director	Jen Easterly
Federal Emergency Management Agency	Administrator	Deanne Criswell
Federal Constabulary Enforcement Training Centers	Managing director	Thomas J. Walters[26]
U.S. Clearing and Customs Enforcement	Manager	Tae Johnson (acting)
The states Hugger-mugger Service	Director	James M. Murray
Transportation Security Administration	Administrator	David Pekoske
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office	Assistant Secretary	Gary Rasicot (interim)
Office of Legislative Diplomacy	Assistant Secretary	Alexandra Carnes
Function of Partnership and Date	Assistant Secretarial assistant	Eva Millona
Office of Public Diplomacy	Assistant Secretary	Marsha Espinosa
Articulation Requirements Council	Executive Director	Joseph D. Wawro
Office of Operations Coordination	Director	Christopher J. Tomney
Privacy Office	Chief Privacy Officer	Lynn Parker Dupree
Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman	Director	Phyllis A. Coven
Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties	Officer	Katherine Culliton-González
Office of the Inspector General	Inspector General	Joseph V. Cuffari[27]

Agencies

• United States Citizenship and Clearing Services: Processes and examines citizenship, residency, and asylum requests from aliens.
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Police enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders (air, land, and sea) including its enforcement of U.South. immigration, customs, and agriculture laws while at and patrolling betwixt all U.Due south. ports-of-entry.
• U.Southward. Clearing and Customs Enforcement: Police enforcement bureau divided into 2 bureaus:

1. Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) investigates violations of more than than 400 U.Due south. laws and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland (Homeland Security Investigations); and
2. Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) enforces administrative violations of the Immigration and Nationality Human activity past detaining, deporting, and removing violators of United States immigration law.

• Transportation Security Administration: Responsible for aviation security (domestic and international, most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports), likewise equally state and water transportation security
• United States Coast Guard: War machine service responsible for law enforcement, maritime security, national defense force, maritime mobility, and protection of natural resource.^[28]
• U.s. Secret Service: Law enforcement agency tasked with 2 distinct and critical national security missions:

1. Investigative Mission – The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a broad range of fiscal and electronic-based crimes.
2. Protective Mission – The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States, the Vice President of the United States, their firsthand families, and foreign heads of country.

• Federal Emergency Management Agency: agency that oversees the federal authorities'south response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, woods fires.

Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the U.S. Department of Country, not the Department of Homeland Security.

Advisory groups:

• Homeland Security Advisory Council: State and local government, showtime responders, private sector, and academics
• National Infrastructure Informational Council: Advises on security of public and private information systems
• Homeland Security Scientific discipline and Engineering science Advisory Committee: Advise the Under Secretarial assistant for Scientific discipline and Technology.
• Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council: Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of regime
• Interagency Coordinating Quango on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities
• Chore Force on New Americans: "An inter-agency effort to assistance immigrants learn English, cover the mutual core of American civic culture, and become fully American."

Other components:

• Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Part: Counter attempts past terrorists or other threat actors to comport out an attack against the United States or its interests using a weapon of mass destruction. Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen established the CWMD Office in Dec 2017 by consolidating primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Function and a bulk of the Office of Health Affairs, as well as other DHS elements.
• Federal Law Enforcement Training Center: Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia, New Mexico, and South Carolina.
• National Protection and Programs Directorate: risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements.
  • Federal Protective Service: Federal constabulary enforcement and security bureau that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal buildings, properties, avails, and federal government interests.
  • National Communications System
• Directorate for Science and Technology: Enquiry and development
• Directorate for Management: Responsible for internal budgets, accounting, functioning monitoring, and human resources
• Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans: Long-range policy planning and coordination
  • Function of Immigration Statistics
• Office of Intelligence and Analysis: Identify and assess threats based on intelligence from various agencies
• Function of Operations Coordination: Monitor domestic security situation on a daily footing, coordinate activities with state and local authorities and private sector infrastructure
• Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office, Function for Civil Rights and Ceremonious Liberties, Role of Inspector General, Citizenship and Clearing Services Ombudsman, Office of Legislative Affairs, Role of the General Counsel, Office of Public Affairs, Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement (CNE), Part of the Executive Secretariat (ESEC), and the Armed services Counselor'southward Office.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

In an August v, 2002 speech, President Bush-league said: "We are fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland."^[29] Prior to the creation of DHS, U.S. Presidents had referred to the U.S. as "the nation" or "the democracy" and to its internal policies as "domestic".^[30] Also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase "the homeland" past White Firm spokespeople.^[30]

National Terrorism Informational Organization [edit]

In 2011, the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System, replacing it with a ii-level National Terrorism Advisory System. The organization has two types of advisories: alerts and bulletins. NTAS bulletins permit the secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that, while non necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United states of america, can reach homeland security partners or the public quickly, thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary protective measures. Alerts are issued when at that place is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the U.s.. Alerts have ii levels: elevated and imminent. An elevated alert is issued when there is credible information about an set on merely merely general information most timing or a target. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very near term.

On March 12, 2002, the Homeland Security Advisory Arrangement, a color-coded terrorism risk informational calibration, was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a "comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the chance of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people". Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level; for instance a facility may search all inbound vehicles when the alarm is to a higher place a certain level. Since January 2003, it has been administered in coordination with DHS; information technology has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the office of the administration'due south detractors about its ineffectiveness. After resigning, Tom Ridge said he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies.^[31]

In January 2003, the office^{[ clarification needed ]} was merged into the Section of Homeland Security and the White House Homeland Security Council, both of which were created past the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Homeland Security Quango, similar in nature to the National Security Council, retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Banana to the President for Homeland Security.^[5]

Seal [edit]

Seal of the Department of Homeland Security.

The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership, employees, and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts. The Ad Quango – which partners with DHS on its Gear up.gov campaign – and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic blueprint and maintaining heraldic integrity.

The seal is symbolic of the Department's mission – to forestall attacks and protect Americans – on the land, in the ocean and in the air. In the center of the seal, a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular blue field. The eagle's outstretched wings suspension through an inner cherry ring into an outer white ring that contains the words "U.Southward. DEPARTMENT OF" in the elevation one-half and "HOMELAND SECURITY" in the bottom half in a circular placement. The eagle's wings break through the inner circle into the outer band to propose that the Department of Homeland Security will intermission through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently. In the tradition of the Great Seal of the U.s.a., the hawkeye'due south talon on the left holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and thirteen seeds while the hawkeye's talon on the right grasps thirteen arrows. Centered on the eagle's breast is a shield divided into 3 sections containing elements that represent the American homeland – air, land, and sea. The peak element, a nighttime blue heaven, contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come together to class the department. The left shield element contains white mountains behind a green plain underneath a lite blue sky. The right shield element contains four wave shapes representing the oceans alternating light and dark bluish separated by white lines.

- DHS June 6, 2003^[32]

Headquarters [edit]

Since its inception, the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington, D.C.'s Nebraska Avenue Complex, a former naval facility. The 38-acre (xv ha) site, across from American University, has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet (52,600 grand^two) of administrative space.^[33] In early on 2007, the department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60-plus Washington-area offices into a single headquarters complex at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C.^[34]

The move was championed by District of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it would have on historically depressed Anacostia. The movement was criticized by historic preservationists, who claimed the revitalization plans would destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus.^[35] Community activists criticized the plans because the facility would remain walled off and have little interaction with the surrounding area.^[36]

In February 2015 the General Services Assistants said that the site would open up in 2021.^[37] DHS headquarters staff began moving to St. Elizabeths in April 2019 after the completion of the Middle Building renovation.^{[38] [39]}

Disaster preparedness and response [edit]

Congressional budgeting effects [edit]

During a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee hearing on the reauthorization of DHS, Deputy Secretary Elaine Duke said there is a weariness and anxiety inside DHS virtually the repeated congressional efforts to agree to a long-term spending programme, which had resulted in several threats to shut downwardly the federal government. "Shutdowns are disruptive", Duke said. She said the "repeated failure on a longtime spending plan resulting in brusk-term continuing resolutions (CRs) has caused "angst" amidst the section'south 240,000 employees in the weeks leading up to the CRs."^[40] The uncertainty virtually funding hampers DHS's ability to pursue major projects and it takes away attention and manpower from important priorities. Seventy percent of DHS employees are considered essential and are not furloughed during government shutdowns.^[forty]

Ready.gov [edit]

Soon later on germination, the department worked with the Ad Council to launch the Ready Campaign, a national public service advertizement (PSA) entrada to educate and empower Americans to fix for and answer to emergencies including natural and man-made disasters. With pro bono artistic support from the Martin Agency of Richmond, Virginia, the entrada website "Ready.gov" and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003, just before the launch of the Iraq War.^{[41] [42] [43]} One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the instance of a chemical attack, citizens should use duct record and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker, or "sheltering in place" to protect themselves.^{[44] [45]} Every bit a result, the sales of duct record skyrocketed, and DHS was criticized for being likewise alarmist.^[46]

On March one, 2003, the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS and in the autumn of 2008 took over coordination of the campaign. The Prepare Campaign and its Castilian-language version Listo.gov asks individuals to build an emergency supply kit,^[47] brand a family emergency program^[48] and exist informed about the different types of emergencies that tin can occur and how to respond.^[49] The campaign messages have been promoted through television, radio, print, outdoor and web PSAs,^[50] likewise as brochures, price-free phone lines and the English language and Spanish language websites Ready.gov and Listo.gov.

The full general campaign aims to reach all Americans, but targeted resources are too bachelor via "Ready Business" for small- to medium-sized business and "Prepare Kids" for parents and teachers of children ages viii–12. In 2015, the campaign also launched a series of PSAs to help the whole community,^[51] people with disabilities and others with admission and functional needs fix for emergencies, which included open captioning, a certified deafened interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are blind or have low vision.^[52]

National Incident Direction Arrangement [edit]

On March 1, 2004, the National Incident Management System (NIMS) was created. The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal, land, local, and tribal governments. Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive-five, all federal departments were required to prefer the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation program and activities.

National Response Framework [edit]

In Dec 2004, the National Response Plan (NRP) was created, in an endeavor to marshal federal coordination structures, capabilities, and resources into a unified, all-field of study, and all-hazards arroyo to domestic incident direction. The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS.

On January 22, 2008, the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register equally an updated replacement of the NRP, effective March 22, 2008.

Surge Capacity Force [edit]

The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Human activity directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the department to staff a Surge Capacity Strength (SCF). During a declared disaster, the DHS Secretarial assistant will determine if SCF support is necessary. The secretary will then authorize FEMA to chore and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters.^[53]

Cyber-security [edit]

The DHS National Cyber Security Partitioning (NCSD) is responsible for the response system, risk management plan, and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US-CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert Arrangement.^{[54] [55]} The DHS Science and Engineering science Advisers helps authorities and individual end-users transition to new cyber-security capabilities. This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center, which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD.^[55] The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Proper noun Organisation (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks inquiry (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Adamant Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.^[56]

On October 30, 2009, DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center. The eye brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure.^[57]

In January 2017, DHS officially designated land-run election systems every bit critical infrastructure. The designation made it easier for state and local ballot officials to get cybersecurity assist from the federal government. In Oct 2017, DHS convened a Authorities Coordinating Council (GCC) for the Ballot Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various country and federal agencies such equally the Election Assist Commission and National Association of Secretaries of State.^[58]

Criticism [edit]

Excess, waste, and ineffectiveness [edit]

The department has been dogged by persistent criticism over excessive hierarchy, waste, ineffectiveness and lack of transparency. Congress estimates that the section has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts (as of September 2008^[update]).^[59] In 2003, the department came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan, Deputy Chief Information Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases, had obtained her bachelor, masters, and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University, a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming.^[threescore] The department was blamed for up to $ii billion of waste and fraud after audits past the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards by DHS employees, with purchases including beer brewing kits, $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were afterward deemed unusable, boats purchased at double the retail price (many of which after could not exist constitute), and iPods ostensibly for use in "data storage".^{[61] [62] [63] [64]}

A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure found that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown, including Secret and Top Secret databases, many with out of engagement security or weak passwords. Basic security reviews were absent-minded, and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of data about the flaws.^[65]

Data mining [edit]

On September five, 2007, the Associated Press reported that the DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called Advise (Analysis, Broadcasting, Visualization, Insight and Semantic Enhancement) afterward the agency'southward internal inspector full general establish that pilot testing of the arrangement had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in identify.^{[66] [67]} The system, in development at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003, has cost the agency $42 million to date. Controversy over the program is non new; in March 2007, the Regime Accountability Office stated that "the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud, offense or terrorism." Homeland Security's Inspector Full general later said that ADVISE was poorly planned, time-consuming for analysts to utilise, and lacked adequate justifications.^[68]

Fusion centers [edit]

Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers, many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007. The fusion centers gather information from government sources equally well as their partners in the private sector.^{[69] [lxx]}

They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level betwixt agencies such equally the CIA, FBI, Department of Justice, U.South. military and country and local level regime. As of July 2009^[update], DHS recognized at to the lowest degree 70-2 fusion centers.^[71] Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster.

There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers, including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities, the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism, and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others.^[72]

David Rittgers of the Cato Institute notes:

a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling wide swaths of the public as a threat to national security. The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists every bit a potential threat; a DHS annotator in Wisconsin thought both pro- and anti-abortion activists were worrisome; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists, Tea Political party groups, and a 2nd Subpoena rally; the Maryland Land Law put anti-death punishment and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third-party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ...^[73]

Postal service interception [edit]

In 2006, MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman, "an 81-year-old retired University of Kansas history professor, received a alphabetic character from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark light-green tape bearing the words "by Border Protection" and conveying the official Homeland Security seal."^[74] The letter of the alphabet was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino adult female with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism.^[74] A spokesman for U.Southward. Community and Edge Protection "acknowledged that the agency can, will and does open up mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it's accounted necessary":

All mail originating outside the Us Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.Due south. Customs territory is field of study to Customs exam," says the CBP Web site. That includes personal correspondence. "All mail ways 'all mail,'" said John Mohan, a CBP spokesman, emphasizing the point.^[74]

The department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how oftentimes or in what volume Customs might be opening mail service.^[74]

Goodman's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere,^[75] also as in the more established media. Reacting to the incident, Female parent Jones remarked "unlike other prying government agencies, Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you."^[76] CNN observed "on the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy, Goodman'south letter raises more business organization over the balance between privacy and security."^[77]

Employee morale [edit]

In July 2006, the Part of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on chore satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed. DHS was last or near to last in every category including;

• 33rd on the talent direction index
• 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index
• 36th on the job satisfaction alphabetize
• 36th on the results-oriented performance culture alphabetize

The low scores were attributed to concerns about basic supervision, direction and leadership within the bureau. Examples from the survey reveal most concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit, dealing with poor performance, rewarding inventiveness and innovation, leadership generating loftier levels of motivation in the workforce, recognition for doing a good job, lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organisation.^{[78] [79]}

DHS is the just large federal agency to score below 50% in overall survey rankings. It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0% and brutal even lower in 2015 at 43.1%, once more last identify.^[80] DHS continued to rank at the lesser in 2019, prompting congressional inquiries into the problem.^[81] High work load resulting from chronic staff shortage, particularly in Customs and Border Protection, has contributed to depression morale,^[82] equally have scandals and intense negative public opinion heightened by immigration policies of the Trump administration.^[83]

DHS has struggled to retain women, who mutter of overt and subtle misogyny.^[84]

MIAC study [edit]

In 2009, the Missouri Information Analysis Eye (MIAC) made news for targeting supporters of third political party candidates (such equally Ron Paul), anti-abortion activists, and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members.^[85] Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas, cartoon criticism from the American Civil Liberties Marriage.^[86]

According to DHS:^[87]

The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented past the fusion eye program:

1. Justification for fusion centers
2. Ambiguous Lines of Dominance, Rules, and Oversight
3. Participation of the Military and the Individual Sector
4. Information Mining
5. Excessive Secrecy
6. Inaccurate or Incomplete Information
7. Mission Creep

Freedom of Information Act processing functioning [edit]

In the Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data), the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. It likewise had non updated its policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments.^[88]

Fourteen Words slogan and "88" reference [edit]

In 2018, the DHS was accused of referencing the white nationalist Fourteen Words slogan in an official document, by using a like fourteen-worded title, in relation to unlawful immigration and border control:^[89]

We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Again.^[90]

Although dismissed by the DHS as a coincidence, both the use of "88" in a document and the similarity to the slogan's phrasing ("Nosotros must secure the being of our people and a future for white children"), drew criticism and controversy from several media outlets.^{[91] [92]}

Calls for abolition [edit]

While abolishing the DHS has been proposed since 2011,^[93] the idea was popularized when Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez suggested abolishing the DHS in light of the abuses against detained migrants by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection agencies.^[94]

In 2020, the DHS was criticized for detaining protesters in Portland, Oregon. It fifty-fifty drew rebuke from the department'southward commencement secretary Tom Ridge who said, "Information technology would be a common cold day in hell earlier I would consent to an uninvited, unilateral intervention into one of my cities".^[95]

On Baronial 10, 2020, in an opinion article for USA Today by Anthony D. Romero, the ACLU chosen for the dismantling of DHS over the deployment of federal forces in July 2020 during the Portland protests.^[96]

ACLU Lawsuit [edit]

In December 2020, ACLU filed a lawsuit against the DHS, U.S. CBP and U.S. ICE, seeking the release of their records of purchasing cellphone location data. ACLU alleges that this data was used to track U.S. citizens and immigrants and is seeking to discover the full extent of the alleged surveillance.^[97]

Meet also [edit]

• Container Security Initiative
• E-Verify
• Electronic System for Travel Authorization
• Emergency Management Institute
• Homeland Security Us
• Homeland security grant
• Domicile Function, equivalent department in the United Kingdom
• Listing of state departments of homeland security
• National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Middle (NBACC), Ft Detrick, Doctor
• National Interoperability Field Operations Guide
• National Strategy for Homeland Security
• Projection Hostile Intent
• Public Safety Canada, equivalent department in Canada
• Shadow Wolves
• Terrorism in the United States
• United states visas
• United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Applied science (US-VISIT)
• Visa Waiver Program

References [edit]

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8. ^ [Peter Andreas: Redrawing the line 2003:92], boosted text.
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External links [edit]

• Official website
• Section of Homeland Security on USAspending.gov
• DHS in the Federal Register

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security

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